{"id":1196,"date":"2021-06-20T19:18:06","date_gmt":"2021-06-20T19:18:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/?page_id=1196"},"modified":"2021-07-07T18:40:26","modified_gmt":"2021-07-07T18:40:26","slug":"resources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/index.php\/the-roman-army\/resources\/","title":{"rendered":"Resources"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1196\" class=\"elementor elementor-1196\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-972bfef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"972bfef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c53de0\" data-id=\"3c53de0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d95d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1d95d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"570\" height=\"367\" src=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1.39-Aquila.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6\" alt=\"Aquila\" srcset=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1.39-Aquila.jpg 570w, https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1.39-Aquila-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8342f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8342f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8d57e4e\" data-id=\"8d57e4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d78928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d78928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>RESOURCES<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-833204b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"833204b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7163f73\" data-id=\"7163f73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8afe944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8afe944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Modern Reference Works<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7279f17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7279f17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f06910\" data-id=\"8f06910\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885ab6d elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"885ab6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The Roman Army<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Bishop, M.C. &amp; Coulston, J.C.N. <strong><em>Roman Military Equipment<\/em><\/strong>: Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2006.<\/li><li>Breeze, David J. <strong><em>The Frontiers of Imperial Rome<\/em><\/strong>: South Yorkshire: Pen &amp; Sword Books Ltd., 2011.<\/li><li>Gilliver, Kate, Goldsworthy, Adrian, Whitby, Michael. <strong><em>Rome at War (Caesar and his Legacy)<\/em><\/strong>: Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005.<\/li><li>Goldsworthy, Adrian. <strong><em>The Complete Roman Army<\/em><\/strong>: London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd., 2003.<\/li><li>Goldsworthy, Adrian. <strong><em>Roman Warfare<\/em><\/strong>: London: Cassell &amp; Co., 2000.<\/li><li>Keppie, Lawrence. <strong><em>The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire<\/em><\/strong>: Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.<\/li><li>Le Bohec, Yann. <strong><em>The Imperial Roman Army<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Routledge, 2001.<\/li><li>Parker, H.M.D. <strong><em>The Roman Legions<\/em><\/strong>: Dorset Press, N.Y. (reprint of [1928] 1957 second edition); 1992.<\/li><li>Peterson, Daniel. <strong><em>The Roman Legions Recreated in Colour Photographs<\/em><\/strong>: Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2001.<\/li><li>Pollard, Nigel &amp; Berry, Joanne. <strong><em>The Complete Roman Legions<\/em><\/strong>: London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2012.<\/li><li>Roth, Jonathan P. <strong><em>Roman Warfare<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.<\/li><li>Shirley, Elizabeth. <strong><em>Building a Roman Legionary Fortress<\/em><\/strong>: Charleston S.C.: Arcadia Publishing Inc. (a Division of Tempus), 2001.<\/li><li>Simkins, Michael. <strong><em>Warriors of Rome<\/em><\/strong>: London: Blandford, 1988.<\/li><li>Southern, Pat. <strong><em>The Roman Army, A Social &amp; Institutional History<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.<\/li><li>Watson, G.R. <strong><em>The Roman Soldier<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Cornell University Press, 1985.<\/li><li>Webster, Graham. <strong><em>The Imperial Roman Army (of the First and Second Centuries A.D.)<\/em><\/strong>: Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998 (3rd ed.).<\/li><li>Woolliscroft, D.I. <strong><em>Roman Military Signalling<\/em><\/strong>: Charleston: Tempus Publishing Inc., 2001.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Ancient Warfare<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Kern, Paul Bentley. <strong><em>Ancient Siege Warfare<\/em><\/strong>: Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999.<\/li><li>May, Elmer, Stadler, Gerald P., Votaw, John F. (Department of History, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York). <strong><em>Ancient &amp; Medieval Warfare<\/em><\/strong>: Wayne, N.J.: Avery Publishing Group Inc., 1984.<\/li><li>Wary, John. <strong><em>Warfare in the Classical World<\/em><\/strong>: Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Roman Cavalry<\/strong><\/p><p>Hyland, Ann. <strong><em>Training the Roman Cavalry (From Arrian\u2019s Ars Tactica)<\/em><\/strong>: Gloucestershire; Sutton Publishing Limited, 1993.<\/p><p><strong>Roman Life<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Adkins, Lesley and Adkins, Roy A. <strong><em>Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.<\/li><li>Connolly, Peter and Dodge, Hazel. <strong><em>The Ancient City &#8211; Life in Classical Athens &amp; Rome<\/em><\/strong>: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.<\/li><li>Harlow, Mary and Laurence, Ray. <strong><em>Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome<\/em><\/strong>: London; Routlage, 2002.<\/li><li>Shelton, Jo-Ann. <strong><em>As the Romans Did<\/em><\/strong>: New York: Oxford University Press; 1998 (2nd ed.).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-99a369a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"99a369a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e260cea\" data-id=\"e260cea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e8a420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e8a420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ancient Sources of Information on the Roman Army<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03bad0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03bad0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-796efba\" data-id=\"796efba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd87d32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd87d32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With respect to military manuals, there are:<\/p><ul><li>authors describing personal experiences (<strong><em>Polybius<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Caesar<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Josephus<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Frontinus<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Arrianus<\/em><\/strong> and <strong><em>Marcellinus<\/em><\/strong>),<\/li><li>narrative historians (<strong><em>Livy<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Dionysius<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Tacitus<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Appian<\/em><\/strong> and <strong><em>Dio<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Cassius<\/em><\/strong>) and<\/li><li>specialist\/theoretical works (<strong><em>Hyginus<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Vegetius<\/em><\/strong> and Maurice).<\/li><\/ul><p>All time periods are not covered, and frequently the works are coloured by the personal biases and knowledge\/experience levels of the authors.<\/p><p><strong>Authors with Personal Experience<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Polybius<\/em><\/strong> 200-118 BC:<\/p><ul><li>He was not a serving Roman soldier. He was a Greek soldier who was captured after the battle of Pydna and sent to Rome where he became the tutor of the children of <strong><em>Aemilius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Paullus<\/em><\/strong>. <strong><em>Polybius<\/em><\/strong> was present with <strong><em>Scipio<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Aemilianus<\/em><\/strong>, the natural son of <strong><em>Aemilius<\/em><\/strong>, when he laid siege to Carthage in 147-6 B.C. As a writer he strove to be impartial, and he authored the 40 book <strong><em>Historiae<\/em><\/strong> which chronicled the rise of Rome from 220-146 B.C. His writings capture valuable data regarding the legions, their composition, equipment and camps in the mid republic.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Julius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Caesar<\/em><\/strong> 100-44 BC:<\/p><ul><li>His works include <strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Bello<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Gallico<\/em><\/strong> (the war against the Gauls 58-52 BC), <strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Bello<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Civilis<\/em><\/strong> (the first 2 years of the war against Pompey), and the Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars (against Pompey\u2019s sons). The latter work may have been penned by other men in his army. His Gallic Wars provide an excellent source of information about the military while on campaign. His works describe what his armies did but not how they were organized.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Flavius Josephus<\/em><\/strong> 37-95 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was a Jewish historian and Pharisee who was born in Jerusalem. He participated in the Jewish Revolt and later wrote a 7 book history of the Jewish war titled <strong><em>Bellum<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Iudaicum<\/em><\/strong>. His description of the Roman army is as detailed and informative as that of <strong><em>Polybius<\/em><\/strong>. He authored several other works including his own autobiography.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Sextus<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Julius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Frontinus<\/em><\/strong> 30-104 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was a consul of Rome and later a governor of <strong><em>Britannia<\/em><\/strong> prior to <strong><em>Agricola<\/em><\/strong>. He composed works on the water supply in Rome and land surveying. His four book <strong><em>Stratagemata<\/em><\/strong> on military science was published in 84 AD, but his military manual (lauded by Trajan) has been lost.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Flavius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Arrianus<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Xenophon<\/em><\/strong> (Arrian) 85-190 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was born in <strong><em>Nicomedia<\/em><\/strong>. As a soldier he served under Trajan and commanded troops during his Parthian Campaign in the Darial Pass in the Caucasus. He was proconsul of <strong><em>Baetica<\/em><\/strong> under Hadrian and later governor of <strong><em>Cappadocia<\/em><\/strong> before retiring. He authored books on the lectures of stoic philosophers, the art of hunting, a navigational guide, a history of Alexander the Great, various military campaigns and the <strong><em>Ars<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Tactica<\/em><\/strong> (this later work being a cavalry guide).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Ammianus<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Marcellinus<\/em><\/strong> 325-395 AD:<\/p><ul><li>A Praetorian Guard officer, he was born in Antioch and fought in a number of actions. He composed the 31 book <strong><em>Restrum<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Gestarum<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Libri<\/em><\/strong>, which started where Tacitus&#8217; works left off and covered the years 96-378. His writings describe sieges, invasions and raids.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Narrative Historians<\/strong><\/p><p>Livy (<strong><em>Titus<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Livius<\/em><\/strong>) 59 BC &#8211; 12 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was a Roman historian from Padua who wrote the <strong><em>Ab<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Urbe<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Condita<\/em><\/strong>, a 142 book history of Rome to 9 BC.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Appian<\/em><\/strong> d ca. 160 AD:<\/p><ul><li>Born in Alexandria, he was an imperial bureaucrat who composed a 24 volume history of Roman conquests, the <strong><em>Romaica<\/em><\/strong>. His writings covered the period up to and including the reign of <strong><em>Vespasianus<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Dio<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Cassius<\/em><\/strong> 155-235 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was born in <strong><em>Nicae<\/em><\/strong> and became a Roman senator. His 80 volume <strong><em>Historia<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Romanae<\/em><\/strong> (written in Greek) covered the history of Rome from the time of <strong><em>Aeneas<\/em><\/strong> to 229 AD. He also authored a biography of Arrian as well as a work on <strong><em>Septimius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Severus<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Lucius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Mestrius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Plutarchus<\/em><\/strong> (Plutarch) 50-120 AD:<\/p><ul><li>A Greek, philosopher and historian who composed many works including over 50 biographies (<strong><em>Vitae<\/em><\/strong>).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Gaius<\/em><\/strong>\/<strong><em>Publius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Cornelius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Tacitus<\/em><\/strong> 56-117 AD:<\/p><ul><li>He was a Gaul who wrote a biography (<strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Vita<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Julii<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Agricolae<\/em><\/strong>) about his father-in-law, <strong><em>Agricola<\/em><\/strong>. Tacitus authored the 16 book <strong><em>Annales<\/em><\/strong> (from the death of Augustus to the demise of Nero) and the 14 book <strong><em>Historiae<\/em><\/strong> (from the death of Nero to the end of Domitian&#8217;s reign). His other work is <strong><em>Germania<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Military Manuals<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Hyginus<\/em><\/strong> (Pseudo-Hyginus) 100 AD(?):<\/p><ul><li><strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Munitionibus<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Castrorum<\/em><\/strong> (or <strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Metatione<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Castrorum<\/em><\/strong>) is a book about military camp layouts that was written sometime between the 1st and fourth centuries. It has been attributed to <strong><em>Gaius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Julius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Hyginus<\/em><\/strong> (64 B.C.-17 A.D.), but authorship is unknown.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Flavius Vegetius Renatus<\/em><\/strong> (3-400 AD?):<\/p><ul><li>A 4th-5th century author, his \u201c<strong><em>Epitoma<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Rei<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Militaris<\/em><\/strong>\u201d (aka <strong><em>De<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Re<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Militari<\/em><\/strong>), summarized the manuals of Imperial authors whose works have been lost (only their names survive). According to Southern, <strong><em>Vegetius<\/em><\/strong> had a hidden agenda, which was to write about the army as he thought it should operate, so he searched the military works of the past to produce an amalgam of procedures and practices which in his own day probably did not feature in army organization \u2026 \u201c<strong><em>Vegetius\u2019<\/em><\/strong> military manual is as good as it gets \u2026 and there is nothing to rival it in all the other surviving literature.\u201d<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><em>Flavius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Mauricius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Tiberius<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Augustus<\/em><\/strong>: 539-27 Nov 602 AD (ruler of Byzantine from 582-602 AD)<\/p><ul><li>In English he was identified as Maurice and in Greek as Maurikios. The <strong><em>Strategikon<\/em><\/strong>, an elementary handbook\/manual of war, was either authored or commissioned by Maurice. The reforms codified in the 12 chapters, or \u201cbooks\u201d remained static until the 11th century, and the <strong><em>Strategikon<\/em><\/strong> is recognized as the first and most comprehensive military manual until WWII. It covered military violations (and punishments) the organization, training and support of mounted troops, peasant militia recruitment and a section regarding enemies of the empire.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04c06bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04c06bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70361e3\" data-id=\"70361e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cfc7ae4\" data-id=\"cfc7ae4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb522e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb522e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/SPQR.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-116\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/SPQR.jpg 628w, https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/SPQR-300x102.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4230ff9\" data-id=\"4230ff9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RESOURCES Modern Reference Works The Roman Army Bishop, M.C. &amp; Coulston, J.C.N. Roman Military Equipment: Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2006. Breeze, David J. The Frontiers of Imperial Rome: South Yorkshire: Pen &amp; Sword Books Ltd., 2011. Gilliver, Kate, Goldsworthy, Adrian, Whitby, Michael. Rome at War (Caesar and his Legacy): Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. Goldsworthy, Adrian. The &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/index.php\/the-roman-army\/resources\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Resources&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":61,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1196","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Resources - Principia Legionis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/principialegionis.org\/index.php\/the-roman-army\/resources\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Resources - Principia Legionis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"RESOURCES Modern Reference Works The Roman Army Bishop, M.C. &amp; Coulston, J.C.N. 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